@inproceedings{, author = {Dorofeev, Kirill and Wenger, Monika}, title = {Evaluating Skill-Based Control Architecture for Flexible Automation Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation ({ETFA})}, year = {2019}, month = sep, abstract = {For the manufacturing of customized products, systems require easier and better adaptivity of the production plant especially in terms of the control software. In recent research projects, a skill-based architecture has been introduced and presented within an industrial demonstrator proposing the required adaptivity. Within this work, the skill-based architecture is compared to a more traditional component-based hierarchical approach to identify strength and weakness of this approach, which then enables further improvements of the skill-based architecture. The flexibility of control software can not directly be measured. Therefore execution time, modularity, readability, and reusability considering the impact of component exchanges are used as evaluation criteria. Modularity and reusability are measured by the number of needed Function Blocks (FBs) and that can also be used for other systems respectively. To evaluate readability three derived metrics from the basic Halstead Metric are used. The comparison shows that the skill-based architecture is more complex but much more flexible than the more traditional component-based hierarchical approach.}, keywords = {industrie 4.0}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Terzimehić, Tarik and Wenger, Monika and Voss, Sebastian and Gr{\"{u}}ner, Sten and Elfham, Haitham}, title = {SMT-Based Deployment Calculation in Industrial Automation Domain}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation ({ETFA})}, publisher = {IEEE}, year = {2019}, month = sep, abstract = {The desired flexibility of industrial automation systems foresees among others flexible deployment and execution of control applications on distributed control nodes. This task can be performed more efficiently by an automated deployment algorithm yielding a valid deployment and optimizing nonfunctional objectives. Although extensively investigated, automated deployment approaches for the automotive domain cannot be translated to industrial control applications, due to a different execution semantics. Thus, in this paper, we present a method of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT)-based automated deployment of the industrial automation systems. We formalize and implement domain-relevant constraints and objectives. Our contribution is threefold: 1) we formalize the functional coupling and end-to-end deadline constraints and objectives while considering the semantics of control applications, 2) we encode the deployment problem into an SMT form, and 3) we validate the approach on an abstract example and a domain-relevant use case. The results obtained in this paper will allow application engineers to fulfill functional and real-time requirements by automatically solving the deployment problem.}, doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2019.8868247}, keywords = {BaSys 4.0, Model-based systems engineering, MbSE, deployment, Industry 4.0, IEC 61499, SMT, E2E latency, functional coupling, design-space exploration, DSE}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Gr{\"{u}}ner, Sten and Malakuti, Somayeh and Schmitt, Johannes and Terzimehić, Tarik and Wenger, Monika and Elfham, Haitham}, title = {Alternatives for Flexible Deployment Architectures in Industrial Automation Systems}, booktitle = {23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation (ETFA)}, journal = {23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation}, year = {2018}, month = sep, abstract = {One of the main challenges of future industrial systems is to flexibly (re)deploy control applications on hardware controllers - a feature that is missing in most state of the art automation systems. Due to the heterogeneous structure of control systems, e.g. different standards and hardware, a silver bullet architecture for flexible deployment seems to be infeasible. Instead we propose an abstract architecture covering different concrete reconfiguration system architectures along with a taxonomy for design decisions for the realization of such a system. The capability of the abstract architecture is demonstrated by mapping three fundamentally different concrete reconfiguration system architectures and is verified on an industrial use case of a logistic system of an aluminum cold rolling plant.}, doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502526}, keywords = {MbSE, model-based systems engineering, deployment, reconfiguration}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Terzimehić, Tarik and Voss, Sebastian and Wenger, Monika}, title = {Using Design Space Exploration to Calculate Deployment Configurations of IEC 61499-based Systems}, booktitle = {14th IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (IEEE CASE 2018)}, publisher = {IEEE}, journal = {14th IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (IEEE CASE 2018)}, year = {2018}, month = aug, abstract = {Continuous digitalization in the industry leads to new, highly complex systems that increase configuration costs. In particular, software and hardware changes cause major downtime. To dynamically reconfigure control system and avoid downtime, it is necessary to calculate valid or optimal deployment configurations. Previous research applies Design Space Exploration (DSE) techniques embedded into model-based design methodologies to calculate deployment configurations. However, current research either aims domains other than industrial automation or applies simple and, for real-life problems, not applicable constraints and objectives. Thus, the deployment of software components to hardware components is still an exhausting and manual task. In this work, we take first steps towards an automatically optimized deployment of the industrial automation systems. In particular, we propose applying DSE to calculate deployment configurations of IEC 61499-based control applications. In order to reduce the exploration space, we identify domain-specific constraints and objectives. Furthermore, we extend the IEC 61499 System and Application models' descriptions by proposing relevant hardware and software annotations. We exhibit the applicability of the identified annotations, constraints and objectives on the example of an Industry 4.0 relevant case study.}, doi = {10.1109/COASE.2018.8560591}, keywords = {IEC 61499, control system, design-space exploration, DSE, deployment, Industry 4.0, Model-based Systems Engineering, MbSE}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Terzimehić, Tarik and Voss, Sebastian and Wenger, Monika and Aravantinos, Vincent}, title = {Applying DSE for Solving the Deployment Problem in Industry 4.0}, booktitle = {14th Dagstuhl Workshop on Model-Based Development of Embedded Systems (MBEES)}, publisher = {fortiss GmbH}, journal = {14th Dagstuhl Workshop on Model-Based Development of Embedded Systems (MBEES)}, year = {2018}, month = apr, keywords = {Model-based Systems Engineering, MbSE, design-space exploration, DSE}, } @inproceedings{SchneiderMaMo2018, author = {Schneider, Ben and Voss, Sebastian and Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Using IEC 61499 Models for Automatic Network Configuration of Distributed Automation Systems}, booktitle = {9th Vienna International Conference on Mathmatical Modelling (MATHMOD2018)}, year = {2018}, month = feb, timestamp = 2018.02.21, abstract = {The new Ethernet standard Time-Sensitive Networking is an enabler for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) but gets more and more difficult to configure with a continuous rising number of network nodes, because each node has to be set up separately. We propose an approach towards automatic configuration of real-time networks based on models of IEC 61499, a modeling language for distributed industrial automation systems. Therefore, these existing models are analysed w.r.t. their network modeling capabilities and missing information is shown.}, keywords = {distributed industrial automation, IEC 61499, Time-Sensitive Networking, TSN, real-time, deterministic networking, schedule synthesis, model-based systems engineering, MbSE}, language = {english}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Wenger, Monika and M{\"{u}}ller, Thorsten and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Connecting PLCs with their Asset Administration Shell for Automatic Device Configuration}, booktitle = {IEEE 16th International Conference of Industrial Informatics (INDIN)}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Current industrial automation systems integrate structural information and component configuration data within the code of their programmable logic controllers. This prevents the demanded flexibility and adaptability of Industrie 4.0 systems. The asset administration shell provides a defined mechanism for finding, accessing and interpreting standardized and vendor specific data of an asset.Within this work the asset administration shell has been analyzed according to its structure, its location, and its implementation forms. Based on that a concept is proposed to provide event driven run-time access for components to the asset administration shell, which enables an automatic self-configuration infrastructure for component instances. The proposed concept is applied on the logistic part of an aluminium cold rolling mill, provided by the SMS group. For demonstration the structural information of the logistic components has been described in terms of an AutomationML file, which has been loaded into a BaseX Database. The database content represents the asset administration shell, which is accessed during runtime by XQuery requests.}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Cabral, Jose and Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Enable Co-Simulation for Industrial Automation by an FMU Exporter for IEC 61499 Models}, booktitle = {IEEE 16th International Conference of Industrial Informatics (INDIN)}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Different causes have contributed to the shift of paradigm in the automation field from centralized to modular and distributable. Software and hardware of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have evolved to be synchronized with the demands nowadays and new standards are trying to follow this trend. One of them is the IEC 61499 standard, which is intended for modelling distributed industrial solutions with a vendor-independent format. This shifting is also bringing new challenges and this paper focuses on the virtual commissioning of plants, which can become a harder task when the system is distributed and involves different interconnected modules. A major problem when doing a virtual commissioning is the coupling between the different physical systems and controlling tools since many vendors still offer closed integrated solutions. Functional Mockup Interface (FMI) is a standard for a cosimulation interface which intends to fill the gaps between different modelling tools, by packaging the models into Functional Mockup Unit (FMU) and allowing a co-simulation master algorithm to have access to the inside model through the proposed interface. This paper presents a mapping between IEC 61499 models and the FMI standard and an implementation of a tool that can export IEC 61499 models into FMUs, which would allow the co-simulation of physical plants and the PLCs software that controls it. An experiment is shown where a simple ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) controller of a tank system is exported as an FMU and co-simulated together with a tank system modelled using OpenModelica.}, } @inproceedings{Schneider2017, author = {Schneider, Ben and Zoitl, Alois and Wenger, Monika and Blech, Jan Olaf}, title = {Evaluating Software-defined Networking for Deterministic Communication in Distributed Industrial Automation Systems}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation (ETFA)}, year = {2017}, abstract = {As networks continuously grow (keyword Internet of Things) the configuration and management of industrial networks gets more complex. Additionally the trend towards Ethernet networks in the domain of industrial automation leads to the adoption of new Ethernet based technologies for factory automation. One of these technologies is Software Defined Networking (SDN), which provides a programmable and more flexible method for network control through an abstract network view. This work focuses on the evaluation of SDN in the field of industrial automation. It provides the implementation of a prototype SDN controller for direct multicast routing of industrial traffic in a cyclic switched Ethernet network using the Ryu SDN framework. For evaluation, experiments about the performance penalty introduced by switch-controller-communication are performed. An IEC 61499 compliant development environment is used for the experiment definition. The experiment results and the prototype implementation of the SDN controller showed that SDN provides great opportunities for a flexible and reliable network setup in the automation industry and is suited for real-time traffic.}, keywords = {software defined networking, SDN, UDP multicast routing, Ryu, IEC 61499, switched industrial Ethernet}, language = {english}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8247594}, } @inproceedings{Eisenmenger2017, author = {Eisenmenger, Waldemar and Me{\ss}mer, Johannes and Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Increasing Control Application Reusability through Generic Device Configuration Model}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation (ETFA)}, year = {2017}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Terzimehić, Tarik and Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois and Bayha, Andreas and Becker, Klaus and M{\"{u}}ller, Thorsten and Schauerte, Hubertus}, title = {Towards an Industry 4.0 Compliant Control Software Architecture Using IEC 61499 & OPC UA}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies And Factory Automation (ETFA)}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The fourth industrial revolution introduced additional requirements on the industrial systems' control software in order to cope with current manufacturing systems' flexibility demands. These requirements include, among others, a dynamic reconfigurability, software reusability and an external service orchestration. This work presents the design of an industry 4.0 compliant control software architecture resulting from an iterative design process. The architecture is based on the reconfiguration services of the IEC 61499 standard and the service orchestration via OPC UA. We demonstrate the software architecture's compliance to the industry 4.0 requirements on an aluminum cold rolling mill plant demonstrator.}, doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2017.8247718}, keywords = {Industry 4.0, MbSE, model-based systems engineering, OPC UA, IEC 61499}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Eisenmenger, Waldemar and Neugschwandtner, Georg and Schneider, Ben and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {{A} {M}odel {B}ased {E}ngineering {T}ool for {ROS} Component Compositioning, Configuration and Generation of Deployment Information}, booktitle = {21st IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, year = {2016}, location = {Berlin, Deutschland}, } @incollection{wenger2016hierarchically, author = {Wenger, Monika and Vathoopan, Milan and Zoitl, Alois and Pr{\"{a}}hofer, Herbert}, editor = {France, Robert and Kazmeier, J{\"{u}}rgen and Breu, Ruth and Atkinson, Colin}, title = {Hierarchically Structured Control Application for Pick and Place Station}, booktitle = {Distributed Control Applications}, publisher = {CRC Press}, pages = {423--440}, year = {2016}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Blech, Jan Olaf and Peake, Ian and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Remote Monitoring Infrastructure for IEC 61499 Based Control Software}, booktitle = {The 8th International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems (ICUMT)}, year = {2016}, } @inbook{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois and Schitter, Georg}, editor = {Zoitl, Alois and Strasser, Thomas}, title = {Automatic Reengineering of IEC 61131-Based Control Applications into IEC 61499}, booktitle = {Distributed Control Applications}, publisher = {CRC Press}, series = {Industrial Information Technology}, pages = {97-121}, year = {2015}, month = dec, isbn = {9781482259056}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Zoitl, Alois and Blech, Jan Olaf and Peake, Ian and Fernando, Lasith}, title = {Cloud Based Monitoring of Timed Events for Industrial Automation - Short Paper}, booktitle = {International Workshop on Automated Testing of Cyber-Physical Systems in the Cloud (cpsATcloud)}, year = {2015}, month = dec, location = {Melbourne}, abstract = {This paper presents ideas towards automatic monitoring of industrial automation devices by using a cloud based monitoring infrastructure. We are in particular aiming at fine grained timed properties that can be described using formal specification techniques such as behavioral types. We describe possible applications in the areas of remote maintenance and servicing as well as commissioning and testing.}, } @inbook{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Vathoopan, Milan and Pr{\"{a}}hofer, Herbert and Zoitl, Alois}, editor = {Zoitl, Alois and Strasser, Thomas}, title = {Hierarchically Structured Control Application for Pick and Place Station}, booktitle = {Distributed Control Applications}, publisher = {CRC Press}, series = {Industrial Information Technology}, year = {2015}, month = dec, isbn = {9781482259056}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Wenger, Monika and Blech, Jan Olaf and Zoitl, Alois}, title = {Behavioral Type-based Monitoring for IEC 61499}, booktitle = {20th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)}, year = {2015}, month = sep, location = {Luxembourg}, }