@article{, author = {Hein, Andreas and Engert, Martin and Schaffer, Norman and Krcmar, Helmut and Ryu, Sunghan and Hermes, Sebastian}, title = {Building open government data platform ecosystems: A dynamic development approach that engages users from the start}, publisher = {Elsevier}, journal = {Government Information Quarterly}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Open government data (OGD) platform ecosystems hold immense potential for promoting transparency, civic engagement, economic growth, and improved governmental offerings. The prevailing strategy to building OGD platform ecosystems follows a sequential approach where the OGD platform is built first and the ecosystem is built second, resulting in low engagement. In this paper, we derive insights into an alternative approach to developing OGD platform ecosystems from TourismData, a state-owned tourism initiative in Germany. We report on the phases between 2018 and 2022 and derive four dynamic and incremental phases from which we derive three learnings: context specificity, continuous adaptation, and organic expansion. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for developing high-engagement OGD platform ecosystems that include and engage ecosystem actors from the start and, hence, take advantage of the generative potential of OGD. This approach illustrates the importance of developing OGD platform ecosystems with high contextual relevance to ensure that data can be used to enable meaningful interactions between ecosystem actors and promote continuous adaptation and expansion.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101878}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X23000783}, } @article{, author = {Weber, Michael and Engert, Martin and Schaffer, Norman and Weking, J{\"{o}}rg and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {Organizational Capabilities for AI Implementation—Coping with Inscrutability and Data Dependency in AI}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, journal = {Information Systems Frontiers}, year = {2022}, month = jul, abstract = {Artifcial Intelligence (AI) implementation incorporates challenges that are unique to the context of AI, such as dealing with probabilistic outputs. To address these challenges, recent research suggests that organizations should develop specifc capabilities for AI implementation. Currently, we lack a thorough understanding of how certain capabilities facilitate AI implementation. It remains unclear how they help organizations to cope with AI’s unique characteristics. To address this research gap, we employ a qualitative research approach and conduct 25 explorative interviews with experts on AI implementation. We derive four organizational capabilities for AI implementation: AI Project Planning and Co-Development help to cope with the inscrutability in AI, which complicates the planning of AI projects and communication between diferent stakeholders. Data Management and AI Model Lifecycle Management help to cope with the data dependency in AI, which challenges organizations to provide the proper data foundation and continuously adjust AI systems as the data evolves. We contribute to our understanding of the sociotechnical implications of AI’s characteristics and further develop the concept of organizational capabilities as an important success factor for AI implementation. For practice, we provide actionable recommendations to develop organizational capabilities for AI implementation.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10297-y}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10796-022-10297-y}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Garoz P{\'{e}}rez, Patricia and Weking, J{\"{o}}rg}, title = {How Business Model Innovation fosters Organizational Resilience during COVID-19}, booktitle = {Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) 2021, 2021}, year = {2021}, month = aug, location = {A Virtual AIS Conference}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic imposes various challenges on societies as well as on organizations, especially in the medical sector. Organizational resilience is a central ability to strive through these challenges. Business model innovation can be a tool to build organizational resilience. Yet, it is unclear how business model innovation fosters organizational resilience. Therefore, we conduct a longitudinal case study on Laboratory Inc., which adapts to the situation, innovates its business model to allow testing for the virus from home, and transmits results digitally. Our results show how organizational resilience is built by business model innovation. The business model innovations performed are not temporary, but lead to a new status of the organization, preparing it for future crises. At the same time, we demonstrate how digital innovations help to overcome crises and support socio-economic value. Our findings contribute to research on organizational resilience as well as on business models under external threats.}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Ritzenhoff, Matthias and Engert, Martin and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {FROM SPECIALIZATION TO PLATFORMIZATION: BUSINESS MODEL EVOLUTION IN THE CASE OF SERVICENOW}, booktitle = {Twenty-Ninth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2021), 2021}, year = {2021}, month = jun, timestamp = 2021.06.15, location = {A Virtual AIS Conference}, abstract = {Currently, platform-based business models are most successful regarding revenue growth and market shares. However, the stepwise evolution of organizations’ business models towards multi-sided platforms is not fully understood. Therefore, we conduct a longitudinal case study on the IT organization ServiceNow. Based on publicly available data, we build on research on business model evolution, platform emergence, and platform ecosystems to analyze the evolution of ServiceNow’s business model between 2004-2020. We derive four distinct mechanisms comprising continuous value proposition extension and enablement of value co-creation. These are enabled by opening towards partners and iteratively addressing new customer segments. We contribute to research on business model evolution with insights on the evolution towards platform business models. Besides, we complement the perspective of platform emergence by a nuanced business model view, bridging these two literature streams. Practitioners benefit from the mechanisms to guide their business model evolution towards a multi-sided platform business model.}, } @incollection{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Engert, Martin and Sommer, Guido and Shokoui, Jasmin and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {The Digitized Ecosystem of Tourism in Europe: Current Trends and Implications}, booktitle = {Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021}, publisher = {W{\"{o}}rndl, Wolfgang; Koo, Chulmo; Stienmetz, Jason. L.}, series = {Proceedings of the ENTER 2021 eTourism Conference. Springer Publishing.}, year = {2021}, isbn = {978-3-030-65785-7}, url = {https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030657840#aboutBook}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and St{\"{a}}hler, Olivia and Weking, J{\"{o}}rg}, title = {Requirements and Design Principles for Business Model Tools}, booktitle = {Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2020)}, year = {2020}, month = aug, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Engert, Martin and Leontjevs, Girts and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {A Tool to Model and Simulate Dynamic Business Models}, booktitle = {33rd Bled eConference}, year = {2020}, month = jul, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Drieschner, Clemens and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {An Analysis of Business Model Component Interrelations}, booktitle = {Twenty-Third Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2020)}, year = {2020}, month = jul, } @misc{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Kuhn, Peter and Balta, Dian and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {Digitale L{\"{o}}sungen f{\"{u}}r KMU: Was k{\"{o}}nnen und sollen kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) digital anbieten? Das Forschungsprojekt BayernCloud hat dazu den l{\"{a}}ndlichen Tourismus unter die Lupe genommen.}, publisher = {Bundesanstalt f{\"{u}}r Landwirtschaft und Ern{\"{a}}hrung}, journal = {LandInForm - Magazin f{\"{u}}r l{\"{a}}ndliche R{\"{a}}ume}, pages = {16-17}, year = {2020}, url = {https://www.netzwerk-laendlicher-raum.de/fileadmin/SITE_MASTER/content/PDFs/LiF/LandInForm_20_4.pdf}, } @inproceedings{, author = {Schaffer, Norman and Pfaff, Matthias and Krcmar, Helmut}, title = {DYNAMIC BUSINESS MODELS: A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE}, booktitle = {MCIS 2019 Proceedings. Naples, Italy}, year = {2019}, month = nov, howpublished = {Konferenzbeitrag}, url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/mcis2019/13/}, }